Article

The Bitter Lesson

Richard S. Sutton · 2019 · incompleteideas.net

Seven hundred words arguing that general methods which scale with computation beat hand-built human knowledge — the most quoted essay in the AI circle.

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The biggest lesson that can be read from 70 years of AI research is that general methods that leverage computation are ultimately the most effective, and by a large margin.

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Added to the library 12 Jan 2026.