Amara Moyo

We have no case of sustained degrowth in a large economy that was not a crisis. Without that, both sides are extrapolating from the same half of the curve.

Landlockedness costs roughly half a point of annual growth and no reform repeals it — but corridor agreements and rail can halve that penalty. Geography sets the price; politics decides whether you pay it.

Cities raise the floor and the ceiling at once. Which effect dominates is decided almost entirely by whether housing supply is allowed to follow demand.

Every regime that promised a narrow indication widened it under demand. The relevant evidence is regulatory history, not molecular biology.