Kenji Tokoro

Almost every non-income indicator we care about — child mortality, literacy, hours of leisure, exposure to violence — moves with growth across the full range. The Easterlin flattening is largely a measurement artefact of bounded survey scales.

Personalised, in the one dimension that has the best evidence behind it: spacing and retrieval scheduled per learner. That alone recovers a meaningful slice of Bloom's two sigma, and no human teacher can do it for thirty students at once.

Anything that can be sold by the unit and cannot be manufactured is scarce in the economic sense. Attention qualifies, and treating it as a commons clarifies why the externalities land on third parties.

Controls have so far produced domestic substitution faster than they produced delay, and they concentrate frontier capability in exactly the three firms least subject to external audit.

First-come registration was written when launch was the scarce input. It is now the abundant one, and the rule is allocating the scarce resource by accident of timing.